Charts

Reference you can read at a glance

Every chart states units and what is approximate. Click a bar for more detail.

Where instruments sit

Approximate ranges — logarithmic frequency scale (Hz)

Piano
28 Hz 4.2 kHz
Violin
196 Hz 3.1 kHz
Viola
131 Hz 1.6 kHz
Cello
65 Hz 523 Hz
Double bass
41 Hz 392 Hz
Flute
262 Hz 2.1 kHz
Oboe
233 Hz 1.6 kHz
Clarinet (B♭)
147 Hz 1.6 kHz
Bassoon
58 Hz 494 Hz
Trumpet (B♭)
165 Hz 988 Hz
French horn (F)
58 Hz 622 Hz
Trombone
58 Hz 523 Hz
Tuba
29 Hz 233 Hz
Guitar
82 Hz 1.2 kHz
Bass guitar
41 Hz 262 Hz
Soprano voice
262 Hz 880 Hz
Mezzo-soprano
220 Hz 784 Hz
Alto voice
175 Hz 622 Hz
Tenor voice
131 Hz 440 Hz
Baritone voice
110 Hz 392 Hz
Bass voice
82 Hz 331 Hz

Values approximate. Source: standard orchestration references. Extended techniques and individual variation not shown. Colour: ■ highlighted · ■ other

Key signatures

Sharps and flats per key · circle of fifths order

Exact values. Enharmonic equivalents (F♯/G♭) share a circle position.

Tempo markings

Standard Italian terms with approximate BPM ranges. Boundaries vary by source and tradition.

Marking Approx. BPM range Meaning
Larghissimo 1 – 24 BPM
Grave 25 – 40 BPM
Largo 40 – 55 BPM
Lento 45 – 60 BPM
Larghetto 60 – 66 BPM
Adagio 66 – 76 BPM
Andante 76 – 108 BPM
Moderato 108 – 120 BPM
Allegretto 112 – 120 BPM
Allegro 120 – 156 BPM
Vivace 156 – 176 BPM
Presto 168 – 200 BPM
Prestissimo 200 – 300 BPM

Approximate ranges; source: standard tempo-marking references. Boundaries overlap between adjacent markings.